Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria

Alfa Idris Alhaji; Salako Kazeem Adeyinka; Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi; Udensi Emmanuel Emeka; Adetona Abbas Adebayo; Jamilu Shehu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Research Article |

Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria

Alfa Idris Alhaji, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Udensi Emmanuel Emeka, Adetona Abbas Adebayo, Jamilu Shehu

Published in Hydrology (Volume 11, Issue 4)

Received: 20 September 2023 Accepted: 10 October 2023 Published: 28 October 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

It is a fact that basement complex regions lacks sufficient overburden that can host sustainable water table, water bearing fractured/weathered rocks referred to as aquifers are usually identified via suitable geophysical methods to proffer solution to water challenges within these regions. This current study targets the exploration of groundwater potential within the Mararaba Dan-daudu community, a suburb of Minna metropolis. Electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate aquifer prospects and their protective capacity within the area of study. The data from thirty-six Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey points were acquired and analysed. Survey points were aligned along six profiles (A – F) with six VES points per profile. Interpretation of VES points along profiles was helpful in determining the number of layers and thickness. The analysis revealed mainly three layers comprising of sand and fresh laterite at the first layer, fractured/weathered basement at the second layer and fresh basement at the third layer. Iso-resistivity mapping was also done at various depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m) respectively to investigate the lateral variations of resistivity over a horizontal plane. These showcased the electrical conductance sliced at the depths of interest. Thirteen VES points (A1, A5, A6, B1, B3, B6, C6, D6, E6, F1, F2, F4 and F5) were mapped as having good prospective aquifer properties. Longitudinal conductance was computed for the outlined VES points to determine their Aquifer Protective Capacity (APC). The result of (APC) rating for the 13 VES revealed the frequency and percentage of APC ranged as: 2 VES locations (15.4%) have good APC, 8 VES locations (61.5%) have moderate APC and 3 VES location (23.1%) have weak APC. with only 3 VES locations out of 13 VES locations in the study area revealed weak APC, the results proved that the groundwater potential of the study area has moderately good APC.

Published in	Hydrology (Volume 11, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12
Page(s)	67-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aquifer, Electrical Resistivity, Fractured Basement, Vertical Electrical Sounding, Groundwater

References

[1]	Abdullahi, N. K. and Iheakanwa, A. 2013. Groundwater detection in basement complex Northwestern Nigeria using 2D electrical resistivity and offset wenner techniques. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (5): 529-535.
[2]	Abiola, O., Enikanselu, P. A., & Oladapo, M. I. (2009). Groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity of overburden units in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 4 (3): 120–132.
[3]	Adetona, A. A., Salako, K. A., Abdulrashid, U. A., Rafiu, A. A., Ofor, N. P., Alhassan, D. U., & Jonah, S. A. (2013). Geophysical Investigation of Western Part of Federal University of Technology, Gidan Kwano Campus, Minna, Niger State, Using Electrical and Seismic Refraction Methods. Natural and Applied Sciences Journal: 11 (2).
[4]	Ajayi, C. O., & Hassan, M. (1990). The delineation of the aquifer overlying the basement complex in western part of the Kubanni Basin of Zaria (Nigeria). Journal of Mining and Geology, 26 (1), 117-124.
[5]	Ajayi, C. O & Anthony, C. W. (1988). Groundwater prospects in the basement complex rock of southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 7 (1): 227–235.
[6]	Ajibade, A. C. (1980). The geology of the country around Zungeru, Northwestern state of Nigeria. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[7]	Alagbe O A, Sunmonu L A, Adabanija M A (2013), Res. Journal of Physical Sciences, 1 (3), 1-5.
[8]	Alhassan, D. U., Mohammed, I. N., Bature, M., Kimpe, M. I., & Mohammed, A. (2015). Electrical resistivity survey for groundwater at Eye Zheba village. Off Bida- Minna road. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 3 (2): 49–53.
[9]	Alhassan, D. U., Obiora, D. N., & Okeke F. N. (2017). Geoelectrical investigation of groundwater potentials of northern Paiko, Niger state, northcentral Nigeria. Journal of Earth Science, 28 (1): 103–112.
[10]	Atakpo, E. A. and Ayolabi, E. A. (2009). Evaluation of Aquifer vulnerability and the protective capacity in some oil producing communities of western Niger Delta. Journal of Environmentalist, 29 (3): 318–322.
[11]	Balasubramanian, A. (2017). Methods of Groundwater exploration. Centre for advanced studies in earth science, University of Mysore. Mysore-6 publications.
[12]	Benson, A. K., Payne, K. L., & Stubben, M. A. (1997). Mapping groundwater contamination using dc resistivity and VLF geophysical methods; a case study. Geophysics, 62 (1), 80-86.
[13]	Chambers, J. E., Kuras, O., Meldrum, P. I., Ogilvy, R. D., & Hollands, J. (2006). Electrical resistivity tomography applied to geologic, hydrogeologic, and engineering investigations at a former waste-disposal site. Geophysics, 71 (6), B231-B239.
[14]	Dobrin, M. B., & Savit, C. H. (1960). Introduction to geophysical prospecting (Vol. 4). New York: McGraw-hill.
[15]	Ebong, E. D., Akpan, A. E., & Onwuegbuche, A. A. (2014). Estimation of geohydraulic parameters from fractured shales and sandstone aquifers of Abi (Nigeria) using electrical resistivity and hydrogeologic measurements. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 96, 99-109.
[16]	Grant, F. S., & West, G. F. (1965). Interpretation theory in applied geophysics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[17]	Isaac, O. A., Ezikiel, A., Isaac, I. M., Jacob, B. J., Peace, E. A., Goodness, E. J., Nurudeen, R., & Peace N. J. (2022). Aquifer vulnerability and protective cacacity test of Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Chemical and Biological Sciences 3 (4): 41–48.
[18]	Levi, I. N. (2011). 2D Resistivity Survey for Ground water Exploration in a Hard Rock Terrain: A Case Study of MAGDAS Observatory, Unilorin, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Earth Sciences 4 (1): 46-53Lowerie, W. (1997). Fundamental of geophysics, electromagnetic surveying Cambridge University press. P. 220–223.
[19]	McCurry, P. (1976). The geology of the Precambrian to lower Paleozoic rocks of northern Nigeria, a review inc A, Kagbe (ed), geology of Nigeria, 15 – 39. Lagos, Elizabethan publishing co.
[20]	Mosuro, G. O., Omosanya, K. O., Bayewu, O. O., and Oloruntola, M. O. (2017). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to leachate infiltration using electrical resistivity method. Journal of applied Water Sciences 7: 2195–2207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1320 1-016-0393-4.
[21]	Ogungbemi, O. S., Badmus Ganiyu, O., Idowu, K. A., & Oluwatoyin, O. (2013). Geoelectric and electromagnetic methods for post foundation studies in a typical basement terrain. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4 (6), 863-868.
[22]	Oladapo, M. I. and Akintorinwa, O. J. (2007). Hydrogeophysical study of Ogbese Southwestern, Nigeria. Global Journal of. Pure and Applied Sciences. 131: 55-61.
[23]	Olorunfemi, M. O. & Fasuyi, S. A. (1993). Aquifer types and geoelectric/hydrogeologic characteristics of part of central basement terrain of Nigeria, (Niger state). Journal of African Earth Sciences. 16 (3): 157–160.
[24]	Olorunfemi, M. O., Ojo, J. S., & Akintunde, O. M. (1999). “Hydrogeophysical evaluation of the groundwater potential of Akure metropolis, southwestern Nigeria”. Journal of Mining and Geology. 35 (2): 207–228.
[25]	Oluwafemi, O., & Oladunjoye, M. A. (2013). Integration of surface electrical and electromagnetic prospecting methods for mapping overburden structures in Akungba-Akoko, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (1), 122-147.
[26]	Onyenweife, G. I., Nwozor, K. K., Nwike, I. S., Onuba, L. N., Egbunike, M. E. & Anakor, S. N (2020). Application of electrical resistivity method in estimating aquifer protective capacity of Akwa and its environs, Anambra state, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 8 (4): 1–17.
[27]	Oseji, J. O., Atakpo, E. A. & Okolie, E. C. (2005). Geoelectric investigation of the aquifer characteristics and groundwater potential in Kwale, Delta state, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 9: 157-160.
[28]	Parasnis, D. S. (1987). Principle of Applied Geophysics. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd.
[29]	Perez, J. W., & Barber, M. (1965). Distribution and chemical quality of groundwater in northern Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin, 36.
[30]	Salako, K. A., Adetona, A. A., Rafiu, A. A., Ofor, N. P., Alhassan, U. D., & Udensi, E. E. (2009). Vertical electrical sounding investigation for groundwater at the southwestern part (site A) of Nigeria Mobile Police barracks (MOPOL 12), David Mark road, Maitumbi, Minna. Journal of Science, Education and Technology, 2: 350–362.
[31]	Sharma S. P. & Baranwal, V. C. (2005) Journal of Applied Geophysics, 37, 155-166.
[32]	Sunmonu L A, Alagbe O A, (2011) Internal Journal of Physics, 3 (1), 70-75.
[33]	Sunmonu, L. A., Adagunodo, T. A., Olafisoye, E. R. & Oladejo, O. P. (2012). The groundwater potential evaluation at industrial estate Ogbomosho southwestern Nigeria. RMZ-Materials and Geoenvironment, 59 (4): 363–390.
[34]	Sunmonu, L. A., Adagunodo, T. A., Adeniji, A. A., Oladejo, O. P. & Alagbe O. A. (2015). Geoelectric delineation of aquifer pattern in crystalline bedrock. Open Transactions on Geosciences. 2 (1): 1–16.
[35]	Sunmonu, L. A., Adagunodo, T. A., Bayowa, O. G. & Erinle, A. V. (2016). Geophysical mapping of the proposed Osun state housing estate, Olupona for subsurface competence and groundwater potential. Journal of Basic and Applied Research. 2 (2): 27–47.
[36]	Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff P. E., & Keys, D. A. (1976). Applied Geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 1-5, 630-640.
[37]	Telford, N., Geldert, L. P., Sheriff, R. S., & Keys, D. A. (1990). Applied Geophysics, 2nd edition. Cambridge, University Press.
[38]	Tsepav, M. T., & Umar, M. A. (2016). Evaluation of aquifer protective capacity and soil corrosivity using geoelectrical method. World Engineering and Applied Sciences Journal 7 (3): 135-144.
[39]	Udensi, E. E., Ogunbanjo, M. I., Nwosu, J. E., Jonah S. A., Kolo, M. T., Onuduku, U. S., Crown, I. E., Daniyan, M. A., Adeniyi, J. O. & Okosun, F. A. (2005). Hydrogeological and Geophysical surveys for groundwater at designated premises of the main Campus of the Federal University of Technology, Minna. Zuma Journals of Pure and Applied Science (ZJ PAS). 7 (1) pp. 52-58.
[40]	UNESCO, (2007). Record of illness and death from Water related diseases in the developing countries. Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (3): 150–154.
[41]	United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth. 1996.
[42]	Yadav, G. S., & Singh, S. K. (2007). Integrated resistivity surveys for delineation of fractures for ground water exploration in hard rock areas. Journal of applied geophysics, 62 (3), 301-312.
[43]	Henriet, J. P. (1976). Direct applications of the Dar Zarrouk parameters in ground water surveys. Geophysical prospecting, 24 (2), 344-353.
[44]	Dan-Hassan, M. A., & Olarinfemi, M. O (2015). Hydro-geophysical investigation of a basement terrain in the North-Central part of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Mining & Geology, 35 (2), 189–206.
[45]	AB, A. I. (1999). ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000/SAS 1000 Instrument Manual. ABEM Printed Matter, (93101).

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Udensi Emmanuel Emeka, Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. (2023). Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology, 11(4), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji; Salako Kazeem Adeyinka; Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi; Udensi Emmanuel Emeka; Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology. 2023, 11(4), 67-84. doi: 10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Udensi Emmanuel Emeka, Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology. 2023;11(4):67-84. doi: 10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12,
  author = {Alfa Idris Alhaji and Salako Kazeem Adeyinka and Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi and Udensi Emmanuel Emeka and Adetona Abbas Adebayo and Jamilu Shehu},
  title = {Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria},
  journal = {Hydrology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {67-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hyd.20231104.12},
  abstract = {It is a fact that basement complex regions lacks sufficient overburden that can host sustainable water table, water bearing fractured/weathered rocks referred to as aquifers are usually identified via suitable geophysical methods to proffer solution to water challenges within these regions. This current study targets the exploration of groundwater potential within the Mararaba Dan-daudu community, a suburb of Minna metropolis. Electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate aquifer prospects and their protective capacity within the area of study. The data from thirty-six Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey points were acquired and analysed. Survey points were aligned along six profiles (A – F) with six VES points per profile. Interpretation of VES points along profiles was helpful in determining the number of layers and thickness. The analysis revealed mainly three layers comprising of sand and fresh laterite at the first layer, fractured/weathered basement at the second layer and fresh basement at the third layer. Iso-resistivity mapping was also done at various depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m) respectively to investigate the lateral variations of resistivity over a horizontal plane. These showcased the electrical conductance sliced at the depths of interest. Thirteen VES points (A1, A5, A6, B1, B3, B6, C6, D6, E6, F1, F2, F4 and F5) were mapped as having good prospective aquifer properties. Longitudinal conductance was computed for the outlined VES points to determine their Aquifer Protective Capacity (APC). The result of (APC) rating for the 13 VES revealed the frequency and percentage of APC ranged as: 2 VES locations (15.4%) have good APC, 8 VES locations (61.5%) have moderate APC and 3 VES location (23.1%) have weak APC. with only 3 VES locations out of 13 VES locations in the study area revealed weak APC, the results proved that the groundwater potential of the study area has moderately good APC.
},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria
AU - Alfa Idris Alhaji
AU - Salako Kazeem Adeyinka
AU - Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi
AU - Udensi Emmanuel Emeka
AU - Adetona Abbas Adebayo
AU - Jamilu Shehu
Y1 - 2023/10/28
PY - 2023
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12
DO - 10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12
T2 - Hydrology
JF - Hydrology
JO - Hydrology
SP - 67
EP - 84
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-7617
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12
AB - It is a fact that basement complex regions lacks sufficient overburden that can host sustainable water table, water bearing fractured/weathered rocks referred to as aquifers are usually identified via suitable geophysical methods to proffer solution to water challenges within these regions. This current study targets the exploration of groundwater potential within the Mararaba Dan-daudu community, a suburb of Minna metropolis. Electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate aquifer prospects and their protective capacity within the area of study. The data from thirty-six Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey points were acquired and analysed. Survey points were aligned along six profiles (A – F) with six VES points per profile. Interpretation of VES points along profiles was helpful in determining the number of layers and thickness. The analysis revealed mainly three layers comprising of sand and fresh laterite at the first layer, fractured/weathered basement at the second layer and fresh basement at the third layer. Iso-resistivity mapping was also done at various depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m) respectively to investigate the lateral variations of resistivity over a horizontal plane. These showcased the electrical conductance sliced at the depths of interest. Thirteen VES points (A1, A5, A6, B1, B3, B6, C6, D6, E6, F1, F2, F4 and F5) were mapped as having good prospective aquifer properties. Longitudinal conductance was computed for the outlined VES points to determine their Aquifer Protective Capacity (APC). The result of (APC) rating for the 13 VES revealed the frequency and percentage of APC ranged as: 2 VES locations (15.4%) have good APC, 8 VES locations (61.5%) have moderate APC and 3 VES location (23.1%) have weak APC. with only 3 VES locations out of 13 VES locations in the study area revealed weak APC, the results proved that the groundwater potential of the study area has moderately good APC.

VL - 11
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Alfa Idris Alhaji

Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria
Salako Kazeem Adeyinka

Department of Geophysics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi

Department of Geophysics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Udensi Emmanuel Emeka

Department of Geophysics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Adetona Abbas Adebayo

Department of Geophysics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Jamilu Shehu

Department of Geophysics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Udensi Emmanuel Emeka, Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. (2023). Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology, 11(4), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji; Salako Kazeem Adeyinka; Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi; Udensi Emmanuel Emeka; Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology. 2023, 11(4), 67-84. doi: 10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Alfa Idris Alhaji, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Udensi Emmanuel Emeka, Adetona Abbas Adebayo, et al. Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria. Hydrology. 2023;11(4):67-84. doi: 10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12,
  author = {Alfa Idris Alhaji and Salako Kazeem Adeyinka and Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi and Udensi Emmanuel Emeka and Adetona Abbas Adebayo and Jamilu Shehu},
  title = {Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Survey Data for Aquifer Potential and Protective Capacity at Mararaba Dan-Daudu Minna, North Central Nigeria},
  journal = {Hydrology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {67-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231104.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hyd.20231104.12},
  abstract = {It is a fact that basement complex regions lacks sufficient overburden that can host sustainable water table, water bearing fractured/weathered rocks referred to as aquifers are usually identified via suitable geophysical methods to proffer solution to water challenges within these regions. This current study targets the exploration of groundwater potential within the Mararaba Dan-daudu community, a suburb of Minna metropolis. Electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate aquifer prospects and their protective capacity within the area of study. The data from thirty-six Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey points were acquired and analysed. Survey points were aligned along six profiles (A – F) with six VES points per profile. Interpretation of VES points along profiles was helpful in determining the number of layers and thickness. The analysis revealed mainly three layers comprising of sand and fresh laterite at the first layer, fractured/weathered basement at the second layer and fresh basement at the third layer. Iso-resistivity mapping was also done at various depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m) respectively to investigate the lateral variations of resistivity over a horizontal plane. These showcased the electrical conductance sliced at the depths of interest. Thirteen VES points (A1, A5, A6, B1, B3, B6, C6, D6, E6, F1, F2, F4 and F5) were mapped as having good prospective aquifer properties. Longitudinal conductance was computed for the outlined VES points to determine their Aquifer Protective Capacity (APC). The result of (APC) rating for the 13 VES revealed the frequency and percentage of APC ranged as: 2 VES locations (15.4%) have good APC, 8 VES locations (61.5%) have moderate APC and 3 VES location (23.1%) have weak APC. with only 3 VES locations out of 13 VES locations in the study area revealed weak APC, the results proved that the groundwater potential of the study area has moderately good APC.
},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

VL - 11
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download